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The Scandinavian tradition of classical music is much older and richer than most music lovers realize, and continues to flourish in the present day. The only universally familiar nordic composers are Norway's Edvard Grieg ( 1843 - 1907 ), and Finland's Jean Sibelius ( 1865 - 1957 .) But these countries have produced a surprisingly large number of composers, as well as outstanding performers, and there is quite a lot of obscure but very enjoyable Scandinavian music. Even the tiny, isolated island nation of Iceland has produced some composers, including the very original Jon Leifs (1899 -1968 ).
The greatest composer of Denmark is the remarkable Carl Nielsen ( 1865 - 1931 ), who has only become widely known outside of Scandinavia since the 1960s when Leonard Bernstein became filled with enthusiasm about his music and championed it , making recordings which are now considered classics. Other prominent conductors have since taken up the cause of this highly individual composer, as well as other musicians, and there are now plenty of Nielsen recordings available.
Nielsen was born on the idyllic Danish island of Funen in the same year as Sibelius, and the two composers were friends and greatly admired each other. Incidentally, Funen was also the birthplace of fairy tale writer Hans Christian Anderson . Nielsen came from a large and humble family, the son of a house painter and amateur musician. He showed early musical promise, and learned several instruments, including the bugle, which he played in the band of an army regiment.
He studied violin and composition at the Copenhagen conservatoire with some of Denmark's leading composers and teachers, and became an accomplished violinist. He became a member of the Royal Danish orchestra, which still exists, and later took up conducting and became its chief conductor. He traveled throughout Europe, in particular Germany, absorbing the latest musical trends, but always remained himself as a composer.
Nielsen wrote six symphonies, which are his best known works, three concertos , for violin, flute and clarinet, a woodwind quintet, string quartes, miscellaneous orchestral and choral works, and the Danish national opera, the delightful comedy Maskarade, and the more serious Biblical opera Saul and David, and much else.
Nielsen's music is vastly different from the brooding nature painting of Sibelius; it is energetic, unsentimental, sometimes ferocious and sometimes playful and humorous. He developed a system of composing in which a symphony or concerto etc is no longer fixed to one key, such as C major or D minor etc. This has been called "Progressive Tonality". His contemporary Gustav Mahler ( 1860 - 1911 ) also used it in some of his symphonies, but not to the extent of the Dane. In a symphony by Mozart, Haydn or Beethoven etc, if a symphony starts in C major, you can be sure that it will end in that key, even though the slow movement is in a different one, and there are many modulations, or key changes within any given movement.
But not so with Nielsen. You can never predict what key a work of his will end in, and there is actual conflict between the keys for dominance. And in his later years, his music became so harmonically complex that he sometimes seems to abandon any sense of key at all. Schoenberg and other composers abandoned writing in a key altogether, and invented the controversial 12-tone system which his students and many other 20th century composers adopted and modified.
One of Nielsen's most famous works is the mighty symphony no 4, which he called "The inextinguishable". In the first world war, he was appalled at the mass carnage, and came up with the idea that this symphony would represent the "Inextinguishable" life force which would cause life on earth to be regenerated even if war destroyed everything. This is a work of titanic conflict and fierce, clashing harmonies; the four movements are continuous, and the last movement contains a spectacular battle between two antiphonal sets of tymapni. But the work ends in triumph. In today's violent , dangerous and unpredicatble world, this is a very relevant work, and a first-rate performance will set your spine tingling.
The strange fifth is like no other symphony. It's in two movements, and the composer described it as a titanic conflict between good and evil, chaos and order. The climax of the first movement is intended to be sheer chaos; the snare drummer is directed to improvise his part and bang away wildly with total disregard for what the rest of the orchestra is doing; but the orchestra overcomes the drummer, and order is restored. The second movement represents the ultimate triumph of good over evil, and ends exultantly.
Another wonderful Nielsen work is the quintet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn, which he wrote for the members of the Copenhagen woodwind quintet, whose members were his friends. It's a playful, whimsical work, and Nielsen wanted to portray the character of each of the members of the quintet. He intended to write a concerto for each instrument, but lived only long enough to write the flute and clarinet works. AS a horn player, i can never forgive Nielsen for not living long enough to write a horn concerto. It might have been something !
You can get a DVD from the Royal Danish opera of the delightful comic opera Maskarade, which deals with shenanigans at a 17th century Copenhagen masquerade ball. The exuberant overture is sometimes played.
There are many fine recordings of Nielsen's orchestral music by Bernstein, and distinguished Scandinavian conductors such as Herbert Blomstedt, Paavo Berglund, Michael Schonwandt, and other conductors. Check arkivmusic.com. Nielsen stated that "Music is the sound of life". And no composer's music is so full of it.
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Western classical music has a fairly long tradition in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Brazil , Argentina and other parts of this region, and the contact between European and native musical traditions has produced some delightful music. There is no lack of orchestras and opera companies here ; for example, the world-famous Teatro Colon in Buenos Aires is one of the world's greatest opera houses, and many of the greatest opera stars and conductors of the 20th century have appeared there.
Latin America has produced such notable classical musicians as the pheomenally talented young Venuzuelan conductor Gustavo Dudamel, and the late conductor Eduarto Mata of Mexico, Cuban piano virtuoso Horacio Gutierrez and others, to name only a few, and some important composers.
Centuries ago, when Spain colonized the New World, priests brought European religious music with them and a musical tradition began.
The Brazilian opera composer Antonio Carlos Gomes (1836 - 1896 ), settled in Italy and produced a number of successful operas which were performed in Italy and Brazil. Giuseppe Verdi admired his best-known opera "Il Guarany", which has been revived in recent years. I have a cd of a live performance from of all places, Bonn, Germany, birthplace of Beethoven, with Placido Domingo in the title role of a Guarani Indian chief and his love for the daughter of a Portuguese explorer in Brazil . It's quite interesting and actually sounds more Italian than Brazilian.
Heitor Villa Lobos (1887 - 1958 ), is the most important Brazilian composer, and some of his best -known works are the Bachianas Brasileras, which reflect the composer's love for Bach and are an intriguing mix of antique European music and Brazilian folk music. He also wrote orchestral works , much piano music, and much else.
Alberto Ginastera (Jean-a- stera), of Argentina (1916- 1983 ), wrote colorful works such as the Ballet scores Estancia, and Panambi , which represent the life of Gauchos and South American Indian legends, and much else mixing European and Argenine influences. Osvaldo Golijov (1960 - ) (Go-lee-hov), is also Argentine and currently lives and teaches in the USA, and is one of the hottest younger composers active today. He is of Russian Jewish descent and writes music which is an eclectic mix of Jewish, Latin American and European elements. His "Pasion Segundo San Marcos " is a Passion play about Jesus with plenty of Latin American local color. He has been comissioned to write an opera , as yet untitled, for the Metropolitan opera.
Mexico has produced Carlos Chavez ( 1899 - 1978 ), who was active not only as a composer but a conductor and teacher. He did an enormous amount to foster the development of classical music in Mexico, and wrote among other things, 7 symphonies and a piano concerto , also mixing Mexican and European elements. You will love his brief, one movement "Sinfonia India", an exuberant and colorful work using Mexican Indian tunes with an enormous number of percussion instruments.
Silvestre Revueltas (1899 - 1940 ) was a friend and associate of Chavez who also wrote highly colorful music. "El Noche de Los Mayas", Night of the Mayas, is a very exciting work evoking the rituals of the ancient Mayas, and "Sensemaya", evokes the ritual slaying of a serpent. Revueltas was enormously gifted but died tragically young of alcoholism.
In recent years there has been a remarkable program in Venuzuela started by a visionary musician named Dr. Jose Antonio Abreu. Some years ago, he began a program to teach poor Venuzuelan youngsters musical instruments and introduce them to classical music, and eventually, a large number of youth orchestras were formed. The project has achieved phenomenal success, and the flagship orchestra, the Simon Bolivar Youth orchestra is a world-class orchestra which has made internationally acclaimed tours, appearing in Carnegie hall and other prestigious locations and making recordings for the prestigious Deutsch Grammophon records.
Thousands of desperately poor young Venuzuelans who would have been doomed to lives of squalor , drugs and crime have been given a chance at a better life, and the most famous product of "El Sistema", young Gustavo Dudamel (1981 -) is now an internationally acclaimed conductor and will soon become music director of one of America's top orchestras, the Los Angeles Philharmonic. You should get the acclaimed cd of Latin American music with Dudamel and the Simon Bolivar Youth orchestra on Deutsche Grammophon. A young Venuzuelan double bass player is currently a member of the Berlin Philharmonic, considered the world's greatest orchestra by many. The DG cd is called "Fiesta", and can easily be obtained at arkivmusic.com.
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Tempo is a very important and often controversial element in classical music. Tempo is simply the Italian word for time, and refers to the basic rate of speed or slowness in a piece of music. The plural is Tempi.
For centurires, composers have indicated the basic speeds they wanted in any given piece of music, and the most commonly and universally used terms have been Italian, although German , French, English and American composers have sometimes used their own languages for these indications, such as Debussy and Ravel, who used French equivalents of Italian terminology. Along with the indications for rates of speed, composers often added further Italian , French or German indications for the expressive character they want the music to convey.
If you compare different recordings and live performances, you will notice that different musicians often use markedly different tempi ; slow and fast are relative terms, and there are many degrees of slowness and speed. If you compare the timings of a lengthy symphony on different recordings, one may be up to ten or more minutes longer than another.
Tempo has caused a great deal of controversy of the years ; different scholars and experts argue endlessly over what the right and wrong tempi are for the music of composer X or Y, or for the music of one period or another. So do fans. Critics will often lambaste a particular musician, a conductor or pianist etc, for tempi that seem to him or her too fast or too slow. It's all highly subjective. Composers have also been upset by musicians who use tempi they consider wrong.
In the early 19th century, Austrian inventor Johann Nepomuk Maelzel invented the metronome, a device by which composers could indicate the precise temi they wanted, by indicating x beats per minute. 60, 80, 100 etc. This was not meant to cause regidity of tempo, but basic rates of speed ; performers were expected to use Rubato, or spontaneous modifications of temp for expressive reasons. Later, metronomes were used to keep practicing students from dragging or rushing.
The first great composer to use metronome markings was Beethoven, and in our time many musicologists and critics have used these markings as an excuse to blast musicians for not following them. But the problem is that composers change their minds, and have been known to disregard their own metronome markings when conducting or playing their music at later dates. Igor Stravinsky ( 1882 - 1971 ), was a stickler for performers observing his markings.
Italian tempo indications range from Presto - very fast, or Prestissimo, REALLY fast, Vivace, or lively, Allegro, or moderately fast, Andante, lierally going, or neither fast nor slow, and slow tempi such as Adagio, Lento and Grave (grah-veh ). Moderato, or moderate. Larghissimo, or very slow etc. There are other relative terms such as allegretto, Andantino, Allegro Vivace, etc.
There are other terms for altering the tempo, making it gradually faster or slower, Accelerando, or Ritardando, Ritenuto or suddenly slower, Piu Moto, or just go faster etc. Allargando does not mean to play in a reptilian manner but to gradually broaden the tempo.
There are other indications such as Allegro non Troppo, or not too fast, Assai, or very, Molto, or very much, Poco, or a little, Subito, or suddenly, Meno Mosso, or just slower, Con, or with, as in Con Fuoco (with fire, an expressive indication ), Senza, or without, Quasi, or as if, Poco a Poco, or little by little, A Temp, or return to the previous tempo, etc.
Expressive markings are often added to terms such as Andante, Allegro etc. Tranquillo, or tranquilly, Agitato or agitated, Dolce, or sweetly, (Dol- cheh ), Giocoso, or merrily, Misterioso, Con Brio, Cantabile , in a singing manner, etc. Beethoven, Wagner, Richard Strauss, Paul Hindemith and other German and Austrian composers often used their own language, using terms such as Langsam, or slow, Lebhaft, or lively, Rasch or fast etc.
One problem with recordings is that if you get familiar with a particular recording of a Beethoven, Brahms or Tchaikovsky symphony etc, you will get accustomed to the tempi of that particular performance, and when you hear other recordings, the tempi may seem wrong to you. But I've found that if you continue to listen to other performances, you can get accustomed.
Fan X may argue with Fan Y that conductor X's tempi are wrong and conductor Y's are right, but who knows what the composer would have wanted ? We have recordings of great composers such as Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Paul Hindemith, Aaron Copland, Benjamin Britten and others conducting their own music, but even the composers might agree that their way is not the only one. In cases where a composer made more than one recording of the same work, the tempi may be different !
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Musicology is the scholarly study of music ; as academic disciplines go, it's a fairly recent field of study, having its origin in 19th century Germany. What are musicologists, and what do they do ? Basically, they are scholars engaged in the scientific study of music, whether western classical or of non-western music. The study of non-western music is known as Ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicologists study the music of China, India, Iran, and other countries, and folk music around the world.
Historical musicology deals with the history of western classical music, different composers and their lives, the development of music over the centuries, musical instruments, research of many kinds. Music theory deals with the technical analysis of music ; harmony, counterpoint, how composers construct their music. If you read the kinds of analysis that music theorists write, it's as densely technical as anything in Science and mathematics !
Different musicologists have different areas of specialization ; some study the ancient music of the middle ages and renaissance, and do research in trying to determine how it should be performed, since information on that is very sketchy. Performance practice is the field of research into how music was performed in the past, and involves the revival and use of old instruments, which are quite different from those of today. There is much controversy over this.
Other musicologists may specialize in the music of the time of Bach and Handel etc, or Baroque music, or Haydn and Mozart (Classical Period ), or 19th or 20th century music. Many musicologists have discovered long lost works from the past by composers well-known and obscure, sometimes finding them in monastaries or archives.
Many musicologists teach at music schools, or universities, and study musicology on the graduate level, usually obtaining PHDs. They publish articles in scholarly journals and write books on different composers and biographies. It's definitely a "Publish or Perish" field.
Among today's leading musicologists are Richard Taruskin, one of the foremost authorities on Russian music and composers such as Stravinsky. He has written a monumental multi-volume history of music which came out a few years ago, and frequently writes articles for the New York Times that are always very interesting, and currently teaches music history at the University of California at Berkely. Anything he writes is well-worth reading.
H.C. Robbins Landon is considered the foremost authority on the music of Joseph Haydn, and has written a biography in several volumes. Lewis Lockwood of Harvard is one of the foremost experts on Beethoven. Joseph Kerman, professor emeritus at Harvard, is an expert on opera.
Musicologists often examine composer's manuscripts and sketches to find information about them, determine if works are authentic creations of a composer or not, and help the music printing industry by correcting errors that have crept in to the printed versions. This is a kind of detective work, and is quite fascinating. Different ones often disagree vehemently with each other on details and issues, and sparks can fly in their corespondence.
Musicology is not necessarily dry as dust pedantry ; it's a field of endless fascination.
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It's difficult to know what to make of the controversial Avant-Garde German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928 - 2007 .) Was he a visionary genius, or was he a charlatan and a madman ? He certainly was an original, to say the least. To call him an eccentric is an understatement.
He was born near Cologne, Germany in the Rhineland in 1928, and was orphaned during WW2. He was something of a New Age mystic, and made all manner of strange pronunciations about music, aesthetics , philosophy, religion and cosmology, and became one of the most influential figures in 20th century Avant- Garde music, and taught many contemporary composers after having studied with figures such as French mystic and amateur ornithologist Olivier Messiaen, whom I covered in a post some time ago.
He became involved with all the trendy contemporary musical movements, serialism, electronic music, and aleatory music, or music based on chance procedures giving the performer plenty of room to make up the music on the spot. Stocdkhausen appeared everywhere, lecturing, teaching, and wrote extensively on music theory and aesthetics. He was interested in the spatial element in music, and wrote works for different groups of musicians separated by space. He had his own experimental studios in Cologne and elsewhere.
What can you say of a composer who wrote a string quartet in which each of the four players is supposed to be in a separate helicopter ? Or who wrote a mammoth series of 7 interconnected operas called "Licht" (Light), each named after one of the days of the week, featuring Lucifer and the angel Michael, for massive forces including electronic instruments ? Or Carre, featuring four different antiphonal orchestras? Or who abandoned regular notation and developed his own elaborate system of graphic notation with complex instructions on how to perform the music? (Other contemporary composers have done this also ).
His output was extensive, and he achieved international fame, and even the Beatles took an interest in him in the ultra-trendy 60s ! Not every one accepted his music. The legendary English conductor Sir Thomas Beecham (1879 - 1961 ), known for his brilliantly sarcastic wit, was once asked if he had ever conducted anything by this composer. He replied, "No, but I've trodden on some ."
Late in life, his spaced-out attitudes caused considerable controversy. When he heard of the horrendous terrorist attacks of 9/11, he declared that it was the" Greatest work of art in the cosmos. Compared to that, we composers are nothing." There was international outrage, and some scheduled performances of his works were canceled. But he claimed that his comments were taken out of context, and that it was "The work of Lucifer."
I must confess that I don't know Stockhausen's music as well as I would like to, but the man certainly is fascinating. Try it yourself, and make up your own mind. But be warned - you may be completely baffled. Check arkivmusic.com for recordings, and there is plenty of information about him on the internet.
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We say about different musicians and others that they "have a good or terrific ear", or sometimes that a person has a "lousy" ear, and some unfortunate individuals are said to be tone deaf, that is, unable to hear any distinctions of musical pitch.
For musicians, a good ear is very important, for conductors, absolutely essential. To put it in an over simple way, musical tones consist of vibrations per second. The more vibrations per second, the higher the pitch, and vice versa. Each C or D etc when it sounds an octave higher is double the number of vibrations. A tuning fork sets the A above middle C on the piano at 440 vibrations per second. The A an octave below is 220, and so forth.
Some people have better sense of pitch than others. They can tell if something is obviously out of tune ; others lack this ability, or have it to a lesser degree. Those with absolute pitch, also called perfect pitch, can identify any note as A,B,B Flat, C, E, etc, if you , say, play it on a piano at random. I happen to have this ability. Not all musicians do, and it's not essential to be a fine musician, but it helps often, and it can also cause problems. Others have what is called relative pitch, that is, they may not be able to automatically hear what a pitch is, but they can relate other pitches to a note if they know what it is.
Some of the great composers have had absolute pitch, such as Mozart, but others have not, such as Stravinsky. It doesn't really matter in the long run for a composer; a lot of great music has been written by composers who lacked absolute pitch.
But pitch is not a constant thing ; it has varied over the centuries, from time and place. In general, around the time of Bach, Handel, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, a lower pitvh than A 440 was used, about a half tone lower, but it varied a great deal. Orchestras and solo instrumentntalists who use the pld, or period instruments tune to a lower pitch. This means that to some like me, when I hear a performance of a symphony by Mozart in the key of C major, it sounds like B major. This is why hearing these attempts to recreate the performance styles of the past can be doisconcerting (no pun intended ) at times. But I've found that my ear can adjust.
When I was studying music in college, I had to take what is known as "Ear Training " courses. We would have to sing melodies using solfeggio, or solfege in French. We used do, re mi etc to sing. It's important training. But it gave me difficulties because of my absolute pitch. I had no trouble singing the melodies per se, but it confused me in trying to remember the do re mi's etc. It was more comfortable just to sing the pitches. But those without absolute pitch need the solfege syllables.
Our brains are all wired differently ; we don't hear musical pitch in the same way. At rehearsals I attended as a horn player, conductors would correct intonation to try to make everthing in tune, sometimes another musician would tell me or others that we were too "sharp" or slightly above the note in pitch, or "flat", that is slightly below. Sometimes, musicians get into arguments over pitch, and resentment is caused. Some musicians take a small portable device which measures sharpness or flatness and shows variations in pitch. We musicians can't always tell how accurate our pitch is, even if we have first-rate ears. It's very relative ; you may seem in or out of tune compared to others playing at the same time.
Sometimes I have read reviews of live concerts or commercial recordings where the critic complaied of faulty intonation, yet I did not notice any. Other times, I have heard what sounded to me like faulty intonation art a concert or on a recording, and the reviewers did not find anything wrong.
Occaisionally, in complex atonal or twelve tone music that I have heard, my sense of pitch goes temporarily astray and I lose my sense of pitch temporarily and get confused.
But classical music always sounds best when it's in tune.
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As I've pointed out in an earlier post, there are definite similarities in the orchestral world to politics, as well as differences. In orchestras, there are no term limits, except for some European orchestras which have a mandatory retirement age for orchestra musicians at 65. The great clarinettist Stanley Drucker is retiring at near 80 from the New York Philharmonic after nearly 60 years as principal clarinettist !
Music directors generally sign on with orchestras with contract stipulations of X number of years, with the option to continue for X amount of time after. Some famous conductors of the past, such as Eugene Ormandy with the Philadelphia orchestra, Willem Mengelberg with the Amsterdam Concertgebouw, and Yevgeny Mravinsky with the Leningrad Philharmonic have spent over 30 years with orchestras, but most music directorships are and have been shorter. The conductor decides when to step down, but at times there has been pressure to do so from critics and administration.
Famous conductors inspire a great deal of controversy, like presidents and other politicians. Sometimes a critic at a local newspaper will admire the conducting of that orchestra's music director, and tend to give positive reviews, and praise him or her in articles. In other cases, the critic will be hostile, and constantly blast the music director's interpretations and programming choices. Sometimes the critic's reactions will be mixed, and critics are not always fair and balanced.
Recently, Cleveland Plain Dealer critic Donald Rosenberg was relieved of reviewing concerts by the current maestro in charge of the presitigious Cleveland orchestra because of his persistant negative reviews, something unprecedented. This was a decision of the paper's management. Rosenberg will cover other musical and non-classical events in Cleveland, and another critic has taken his place. Rosenberg is an experienced, knowledgable and respected music critic, and he did give Franz Welser- Most some favorable reviews, as I mentioned in an earlier post covering this brouhaha.
And on classical music forums, different fans have their likes and dislikes among conductors, and often blast those they dislike the way that people do today, as well as commentators. When an orchestra announces a new music director, forum participants voice their approval or disapproval in no uncertain terms. And many think that the great maestros of the past were far greater than those of today, the way many people think that politicians today are vastly inferior to the "Great Statemen" of the past.
So do critics. Some are happy to see so and so engaged for the great orchestras of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Chicago etc, and others frankly upset or even angry. I've noticed this trend ; if a critic admired the previous music director, and dislikes the present one, he or she will tend to claim that the orchestra's playing has declined or slipped in quality, and long for the old conductor. And if he or she dislikes the previous one and likes current one, there will be relieved claims that the current maestro has greatly improved the playing., "rejuvinated " it.
Years ago, a distinguished conductor got a truly shabby treatment at the hands of many New York critics during his time with the New York Philharmonic. He was accused of being a shallow glamor boy, a lightweight with no musical substance, and of lacking commitment to new music and neglecting it. Some claimed that he had run the orchestra into the ground, and that playing standards had declined badly.
When his successor took over, critics praised him for his artistic "seriousness" and integrity, and claimed that he had restored discipline and morale to the orchestra. The only problem was that this was a pack of lies. The previous conductor was and is a serious, dedicated and highly skillful conductor who had already conducted the world's leading orchestras and opera companies with great success, and was in fact a staunch champion of contemporary music who had regularly played it in New York. From my own experiences listening, I thought the orchestra actually played very well for him. Does this kind of smear campaign sound familiar to you from politics today ?
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Now that I've explained something about what conductors do, I thought you might be interested to hear something about what actually goes on at rehearsals. I think I know a thing or two about this, having spent thousands of hours in rehearsals myself as a performing musician.
The conductor is much more than just a time beater. Keeping the orchestra together is an important part of the job, but there are countless other details which need to be taken care of. I covered what conductors do in an earlier post, but here is a description of what actually happens in rehearsal.
Each musician is responsible for his or her individual part, but the conductor has to make a thorough study of the full score, which shows all the different parts together, with woodwinds at the top, then brass, percussion, and strings at the bottom. Works for large orchestras can have 30 or more lines going on at the same time ! And the conductor has to have studied it thoroughly, or else he or she has no business conducting in the first place !
Some famous conductors, such as Toscanini and the Greek Dimitri Mitropoulos, had amazing photographic memories, and could look at a score, memorize the whole thing, and point out any mistake at rehearsals on the part of musicians !
The conductor is there to co-ordinate everything, rather like the director of a movie. He or she will start a rehearsal , which is usually planned so that each musician knows which work on the program is being rehearsed, in case he or she is not playing that piece on a particular program. Not every musician is needed for every piece.
At the first rehearsal, some conductors will just run through a work without stopping, unless something goes wrong and things just break down. Then, he or she will go over different sections, pointing out mistakes, fixing problems with intonation, or playing in tune (very important), adjusting balances, that is making sure that instrumental lines can be heard clearly, and that the brass are not too loud, which can be a serious problem.
Like a movie director, a conductor will often explain how he or she would like the music to be played in terms of expressive character and phrasing, and tone quality, to get the precise effect he or she would like. Musicians don't generally like the conductor to hem and haw, using flowery language such as "Play it like the sun coming up at dawn !". However, they do appreciate pithy language and humor. And they hate conductors who just keep talking and talking , thereby wasting time.
There are so many details. The concertmaster, or principal violin, and the section leaders of the other string sections, decide how the sections should bow, up or down, for uniform bowing, and other details of string playing, but the conductor, particularly if he or she is a string player, may ask for changes during rehearsal, if the bowings are not quite right to him or her.
The musicians will sometimes ask the conductor to give a clearer beat in certain spots of a piece to help in clarity. The conductor will often give cues for musicians to come in at sertain areas, such as solos, as the music can be rhthmically complex and knowing exactly when to come in can be difficult. The conductor often has to give gestures showing when exactly when the musicians should cut off and stop playing after entrances.
Professional orchestral musicians have been known to be very naughty at times. When a conductor is new to the orchestra, they have been known to make deliberate mistakes, such as wrong notes and playing out of tune on purpose, just to test the conductor's abilities ! This is something like the way kids in school will tease a substitute teacher.
Conductors who don't beat time clearly and have a solid technique make life very difficult for orchestras. But certain famous maestros such Russian Serge Koussevitzky and German Wilhelm Furtwangler, were able to make illustrious careers through sheer willpower and force of personality despite deficient baton techniques.
So basically, what musicians in an orchestra want is a conductor who really knows the score, has a solid & | |
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