The Scandinavian tradition of classical music is much older and richer than most music lovers realize, and continues to flourish in the present day. The only universally familiar nordic composers are Norway's Edvard Grieg ( 1843 - 1907 ), and Finland's Jean Sibelius ( 1865 - 1957 .) But these countries have produced a surprisingly large number of composers, as well as outstanding performers, and there is quite a lot of obscure but very enjoyable Scandinavian music. Even the tiny, isolated island nation of Iceland has produced some composers, including the very original Jon Leifs (1899 -1968 ).
The greatest composer of Denmark is the remarkable Carl Nielsen ( 1865 - 1931 ), who has only become widely known outside of Scandinavia since the 1960s when Leonard Bernstein became filled with enthusiasm about his music and championed it , making recordings which are now considered classics. Other prominent conductors have since taken up the cause of this highly individual composer, as well as other musicians, and there are now plenty of Nielsen recordings available.
Nielsen was born on the idyllic Danish island of Funen in the same year as Sibelius, and the two composers were friends and greatly admired each other. Incidentally, Funen was also the birthplace of fairy tale writer Hans Christian Anderson . Nielsen came from a large and humble family, the son of a house painter and amateur musician. He showed early musical promise, and learned several instruments, including the bugle, which he played in the band of an army regiment.
He studied violin and composition at the Copenhagen conservatoire with some of Denmark's leading composers and teachers, and became an accomplished violinist. He became a member of the Royal Danish orchestra, which still exists, and later took up conducting and became its chief conductor. He traveled throughout Europe, in particular Germany, absorbing the latest musical trends, but always remained himself as a composer.
Nielsen wrote six symphonies, which are his best known works, three concertos , for violin, flute and clarinet, a woodwind quintet, string quartes, miscellaneous orchestral and choral works, and the Danish national opera, the delightful comedy Maskarade, and the more serious Biblical opera Saul and David, and much else.
Nielsen's music is vastly different from the brooding nature painting of Sibelius; it is energetic, unsentimental, sometimes ferocious and sometimes playful and humorous. He developed a system of composing in which a symphony or concerto etc is no longer fixed to one key, such as C major or D minor etc. This has been called "Progressive Tonality". His contemporary Gustav Mahler ( 1860 - 1911 ) also used it in some of his symphonies, but not to the extent of the Dane. In a symphony by Mozart, Haydn or Beethoven etc, if a symphony starts in C major, you can be sure that it will end in that key, even though the slow movement is in a different one, and there are many modulations, or key changes within any given movement.
But not so with Nielsen. You can never predict what key a work of his will end in, and there is actual conflict between the keys for dominance. And in his later years, his music became so harmonically complex that he sometimes seems to abandon any sense of key at all. Schoenberg and other composers abandoned writing in a key altogether, and invented the controversial 12-tone system which his students and many other 20th century composers adopted and modified.
One of Nielsen's most famous works is the mighty symphony no 4, which he called "The inextinguishable". In the first world war, he was appalled at the mass carnage, and came up with the idea that this symphony would represent the "Inextinguishable" life force which would cause life on earth to be regenerated even if war destroyed everything. This is a work of titanic conflict and fierce, clashing harmonies; the four movements are continuous, and the last movement contains a spectacular battle between two antiphonal sets of tymapni. But the work ends in triumph. In today's violent , dangerous and unpredicatble world, this is a very relevant work, and a first-rate performance will set your spine tingling.
The strange fifth is like no other symphony. It's in two movements, and the composer described it as a titanic conflict between good and evil, chaos and order. The climax of the first movement is intended to be sheer chaos; the snare drummer is directed to improvise his part and bang away wildly with total disregard for what the rest of the orchestra is doing; but the orchestra overcomes the drummer, and order is restored. The second movement represents the ultimate triumph of good over evil, and ends exultantly.
Another wonderful Nielsen work is the quintet for flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon and horn, which he wrote for the members of the Copenhagen woodwind quintet, whose members were his friends. It's a playful, whimsical work, and Nielsen wanted to portray the character of each of the members of the quintet. He intended to write a concerto for each instrument, but lived only long enough to write the flute and clarinet works. AS a horn player, i can never forgive Nielsen for not living long enough to write a horn concerto. It might have been something !
You can get a DVD from the Royal Danish opera of the delightful comic opera Maskarade, which deals with shenanigans at a 17th century Copenhagen masquerade ball. The exuberant overture is sometimes played.
There are many fine recordings of Nielsen's orchestral music by Bernstein, and distinguished Scandinavian conductors such as Herbert Blomstedt, Paavo Berglund, Michael Schonwandt, and other conductors. Check arkivmusic.com. Nielsen stated that "Music is the sound of life". And no composer's music is so full of it.