The size of the orchestra any given composer might write for can vary greatly, and has varied greatly over time. In the time of Mozart and Haydn in the second half of the 18th century, orchestras tended to be quite small, with perhaps fewer than 20 strings, plus flutes, oboes, clarinets , horns and trumpets in twos. Sometimes even fewer were used, perhaps just two oboes, bassoons and two horns, plus tympany. On rare occaisions when a lot of musicians were available, the strings were greatly fortified and the winds doubled. Mozart is said to have been delighted to hear one of his symphonies played with very large forces.
Occaisionally, four horns were used, crooked in two different keys to increase the number of notes that were possible to be played, as in Mozart's symphony no 25. It was not until Beethoven's fifth symphony in the early 19th century that three trombones were added, plus piccolo and contrabassoon. Every one knows this standard work today, but when it was new, it was absolutely revolutionary.
In the 19th century, orchestra size increased, and four horns became the norm, and trumpets were increased to three or even four. The tuba was not invented until the 1830s. Piccolo, English horn,bass clarinet and contrabassoon were used more often, and the percussion section ,usually limited to tympany, was expanded to include cymbals, triangle and other percussion instruments at times. (Haydn's symphony no 100 uses cymbals and bass drum, and is called the "Military", but that was very unusual).
The great and revolutionary French composer Berlioz called for really large orchestras , including quadrupled woodwind, four trumpets, tuba, and expanded percussion among other things. His massive setting of the Requiem mass calls for four brass bands stationed around the auditorium to represent the judgement day !! A good performance will tingle your spine.
Wagner called for a huge orchestra in his monumental operatic cyle The Ring of the NIbelungen. For the first time, no fewer than eight french horns were used, and the second four horns switch at times to a new brass instrument which Wagner had invented called the Wagner tuba. It's sort of like a baritone horn ,but uses a horn mouthpiece. Later, other composers such as Anton Bruckner, Richard Strauss and Arnold Schoenberg used this instrument along with horns. The ring also calls for something called a bass trumpet, which is rather like a trombone. The Ring also uses no fewer than six harps!
Arnold Schoenberg (1874- 1951 ), famous, or infamous for having invented 12 tone atonality, wrote some non-atonal early works which are not a problem for any one. His massive oratorio "Gurrelieder", from around the turn of the century, is based on an old Danish legend of a Danish king whose beautiful young mistress is murdered by the jealous Danish queen The devastated king curses god, and is cursed by the lord to wander as a ghost through eternity. As well as a huge chorus with vocal soloists, Gurrelieder calls for no fewer than ten horns, huge woodwind and brass sections. Because of the impractical demands, it's rarely performed, but there are some fine recordings by such conductors as Seiji Ozawa, Riccardo Chailly, Giuseppe Sinopoli and others. It's really spectacular, and even those who hate atonal music should love it.
Gustav Mahler (1860- 1911), and Richard Strauss (1864-1949 ), often used huge orchestras with eight horns ,four or five trumpets, many woodwinds etc, and large percussion sections. Mahler's 8th symphony, premiered around 1908 in Munich, is a setting of a Catholic hymn in its first part, and the second is a setting of the end of Goethe's play Faust, where the hero finally enters heaven after having sold his soul to the devil. There are eight singers, TWO choruses, a boy's choir, and a massive orchestra. It became known as the"Symphony of a Thousand", although it doesn't actually use that many performers.
The Alpine symphony of Richard Strauss, his last tone poem, is an amazingly vivid description of a day climbing the Bavarian alps. There are not only eight horns in the orchestra, but twelve off-syage horns are aslo rquired. There is a thunder machine,too for the part describing an alpine storm. Really spectracular ! Talk about everything including the kitchen sink !
For economic reasons, these works are not played that often. They require many extra musicians, but the top orchestras have the budgets for them. But they are certainly worth the extra expense !