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The war between Russia and the republic of Georgia is very much in the news today, and this is an area that I have long been fascinated in. The Caucasus region lies between the Black and Caspian seas, and is home to a mighty mountain range with spectacular scenery. It is the crossroads between Russia, Europe, the middle east and east asia, and is home to an astonishing crazy quilt of obscure but fascinating ethnic groups long dominated by Russia, christian and muslim. Genghis Khan's hordes, Persia, the Ottoman empire and Russia have fought over this strategic area for ages.
Naturally, this region has a rich tradition of folk music, and a number of composers, both native to the region and foreign , have written colorful and exciting music based on that tradition. Aram Khatchaturian (1903- 1978 ) was born in Tbilisi of Armenian parents, studied in Russia and wrote some garish but exciting works based on Armenian and Caucasian music. The famous Sabre Dance comes from his ballet score "Gayaneh" (Guy-a -neh), a tale of life in Soviet Armenia. His three symphonies, the violin and piano concertos, and other works are not profound, but very entertaining.
The late 19th and early 20th century Russian composer Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov (quite a mouthful), was fascinated by Caucasian and central asian music, and his orchestral suite"Caucasian Sketches", is ocaisionally heard, and very entertaining. A second suite is almost totally unknown, but I have a recording on the Naxos label which also includes the first suite. Check this CD out at the Naxos website.
Giya Kancheli (1935-) , is the best known Georgian composer of the present day. he currently lives in Germany , and I have a Sony Classical CD of two of his symphonies which I find very interesting. Kancheli has written a variety of other works which can be heard on CD.
The eminent conductor Valery Gergiev, now conductor of the London Symphony orchestra, music director of the Maryinsky opera in St. Petersburg, and principal guest conductor at the Metropolitan opera is often described as a Russian, but was born in Moscow of Ossetian parents. The Ossetians are the descendents of the ancient Scythian tribes, and speak a language related to Persian. Another eminent conductor also wrongly identified as Russian, is Yuri Temirkanov, music director of the St.Petersburgh Philharmonic. He is an ethnic Circassian. The Circassians live in the Black sea region a and are related to the Abkhazians.
I also have a CD by the Rustavi men's choir of Georgia singing the traditional polyphonic choral songs of that country on Sony Classical. It may not be currently available, but it's fascinating and well-worth looking for.
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There are no easy answers to this qustion. But it certainly is very important to try to do this. Unfortunately, most children and teenagers don't get any exposure to classical music in schools, although some colleges and universities do have requirements for introductory courses on it.
And classes introducing kids to classical music must be taught very well, in a manner that will stimulate those young people. If the teacher does a boring job, it can turn students off to classical music for life. I remember how indifferent or even hostile some kids were to music appreciation class when I was growing up, and the teachers I had were actually very good.
Unfortunately, we don't have anything quite like the marvelous concerts by the late,great Leonard Bernstein for kids, although these are still available on DVD. There are SOME outreach concerts for young people,though.
It's not easy to get youngsters who love Michael Jackson, Hip Hop and Rock interested in something that is so vastly different from what they are accustomed to. Not that there's anything wrong with them being fans of these kinds of music. Our society is so vastly different from the world that produced Bach, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert etc. What happened to me when I entered my teens was something of a fluke. I just happened to discover classical music and it changed my life forever. But I am convinced that we not only must, but can popularize classical music with young people.
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The size of the orchestra any given composer might write for can vary greatly, and has varied greatly over time. In the time of Mozart and Haydn in the second half of the 18th century, orchestras tended to be quite small, with perhaps fewer than 20 strings, plus flutes, oboes, clarinets , horns and trumpets in twos. Sometimes even fewer were used, perhaps just two oboes, bassoons and two horns, plus tympany. On rare occaisions when a lot of musicians were available, the strings were greatly fortified and the winds doubled. Mozart is said to have been delighted to hear one of his symphonies played with very large forces.
Occaisionally, four horns were used, crooked in two different keys to increase the number of notes that were possible to be played, as in Mozart's symphony no 25. It was not until Beethoven's fifth symphony in the early 19th century that three trombones were added, plus piccolo and contrabassoon. Every one knows this standard work today, but when it was new, it was absolutely revolutionary.
In the 19th century, orchestra size increased, and four horns became the norm, and trumpets were increased to three or even four. The tuba was not invented until the 1830s. Piccolo, English horn,bass clarinet and contrabassoon were used more often, and the percussion section ,usually limited to tympany, was expanded to include cymbals, triangle and other percussion instruments at times. (Haydn's symphony no 100 uses cymbals and bass drum, and is called the "Military", but that was very unusual).
The great and revolutionary French composer Berlioz called for really large orchestras , including quadrupled woodwind, four trumpets, tuba, and expanded percussion among other things. His massive setting of the Requiem mass calls for four brass bands stationed around the auditorium to represent the judgement day !! A good performance will tingle your spine.
Wagner called for a huge orchestra in his monumental operatic cyle The Ring of the NIbelungen. For the first time, no fewer than eight french horns were used, and the second four horns switch at times to a new brass instrument which Wagner had invented called the Wagner tuba. It's sort of like a baritone horn ,but uses a horn mouthpiece. Later, other composers such as Anton Bruckner, Richard Strauss and Arnold Schoenberg used this instrument along with horns. The ring also calls for something called a bass trumpet, which is rather like a trombone. The Ring also uses no fewer than six harps!
Arnold Schoenberg (1874- 1951 ), famous, or infamous for having invented 12 tone atonality, wrote some non-atonal early works which are not a problem for any one. His massive oratorio "Gurrelieder", from around the turn of the century, is based on an old Danish legend of a Danish king whose beautiful young mistress is murdered by the jealous Danish queen The devastated king curses god, and is cursed by the lord to wander as a ghost through eternity. As well as a huge chorus with vocal soloists, Gurrelieder calls for no fewer than ten horns, huge woodwind and brass sections. Because of the impractical demands, it's rarely performed, but there are some fine recordings by such conductors as Seiji Ozawa, Riccardo Chailly, Giuseppe Sinopoli and others. It's really spectacular, and even those who hate atonal music should love it.
Gustav Mahler (1860- 1911), and Richard Strauss (1864-1949 ), often used huge orchestras with eight horns ,four or five trumpets, many woodwinds etc, and large percussion sections. Mahler's 8th symphony, premiered around 1908 in Munich, is a setting of a Catholic hymn in its first part, and the second is a setting of the end of Goethe's play Faust, where the hero finally enters heaven after having sold his soul to the devil. There are eight singers, TWO choruses, a boy's choir, and a massive orchestra. It became known as the"Symphony of a Thousand", although it doesn't actually use that many performers.
The Alpine symphony of Richard Strauss, his last tone poem, is an amazingly vivid description of a day climbing the Bavarian alps. There are not only eight horns in the orchestra, but twelve off-syage horns are aslo rquired. There is a thunder machine,too for the part describing an alpine storm. Really spectracular ! Talk about everything including the kitchen sink !
For economic reasons, these works are not played that often. They require many extra musicians, but the top orchestras have the budgets for them. But they are certainly worth the extra expense !
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Here are some myths about classical music which stubbornly refuse to die. Many classical music critics keep on rehashing them, and some classical composers and others do this as well.
!. Classical music is stuffy, boring and elitist. If you go to a concert, you'll be bored. Why would so many people persist in going to concerts, opera and recitals etc if they were so boring? On the contrary, unless the performance is awful, or just dull, audiences often react to performances with enormous enthusiasm, even if they are not as loud and rowdy as Rock audiences. There's nothing"elitist" about classical music. Our orchestras and opera companies aren't trying to exclude people who aren't rich and snobbish. On the contrary; they want very much to attract new people, and have outreach programs for this.
2. Classical music is just old music from a distant and irrelevant past. Wrong. Classical music is a continuum of music from centuries ago to music written by living composers which is being performed today. It's been around much,much longer than the Rock,Pop, Jazz, etc that is familiar to most people.
3. Our orchestras and opera companies etc, just keep repeating the same old warhorses. While certain famous works like Beethoven's fifth, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Schubert's Unfinished symphony and Orff's Carmina Burana are still popular, there is greater diversity of repertoire being performed today than ever before in the centuries old history of classical music.
4. New music is not performed today, or very rarely. Wrong again. An enormous number of new works have been premiered in recent years by orchestras and opera companies everywhere, by many different living or recently deceased composers.
5. Classical music is about nothing but "Dead White European Males". DWEMs are an important part of classical music, but the are many LIVING white European males in it, plus Asians, Americans, Latin Americans, women, and even African Americans in it, too.
6. Classical music is not relevant to non-whites. Really? Why are there so many prominent composers, conductors, and instrumentalists from Asia today, or Asian Americans? Why is western classical music so popular in Japan, which has so many symphony orchestras, and the world's HIGHEST sales of classical CDs? And why are millions of young Chinese studying piano and violin etc today ?
7. The classical music scene was much better and healthier in the past, because at that time, all or most music was new. There's something wrong with classical music today because we concentrate on music from the past. This is a half-truth. When Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven were alive and working in the second half of the 18th century, and the early 19th, the symphony orchestra as we know it was a relatively new thing. They just did not have the enormous accumulation of repertoire we have today. Also, there were only a tiny fraction of the orchestras and opera companies we have today. Concerts were much less frequent. If you were just Joe Schmo in some rural Austrian village, your chances of ever getting to hear a concert in Vienna in the 18th century were just about non-existent. Nowadays, any one can listen to classical music through CDs, DVDs, radio, television and the internet , as well as attending live performances.
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I've never really been a ballet fan. Not that I don't like it. I do sometimes watch it on television. I just never got into it as much as classical music. And I am very fond of a lot of ballet scores as concert music, and some ballet scores are very popular at orchestra concerts, usually as excerpts taken from the complete ballets. Occaisionally, orchestras program complete ballet scores at concerts.
Probably the best -known ballet scores in concert are the three by Tchaikovsky : the ubiquitous suite from the Nutcracker, and suites from Sleeping Beauty and Swan Lake. Audiences have loved this music for well over a century, and there are many recordings , either complete or in suite form.
In the early 20th century, Tchaikovsky's great countryman gained international fame with three ballet scores : The Firebird, based on an old Russian fairy tale about a magic flaming bird which helps a handsome young prince to rescue a beautiful young princess who is being kept in captivity by an evil sorceror, and the whimsical "Petrushka,", which deals with puppets at a Russian shrovetide fair which seem to come to life , and finally, the revolutionary "Rite of Spring", which caused a near riot at its first performance by the legendary Ballets Russes in 1913. This ballet deals with the primitive rites of the pagan Russians long,long ago. To propitiate the god of spring, a young girl is chosen to dance until she literally drops dead.
Stravinsky's colorful music, with its highly irregular rhythms, caught both the dance and concert worlds by storm, and the legendary Nijinsky danced .
The Rite of Spring, with its brutally pounding and wildly irregular rhythms, and grindingly dissonant harmonies, shocked many listeners, but it soon became a staple of the concert hall. The eminent American composer Elliott Carter, 100 this year, said that when his father first heard the Rite long ago, he thought the composer was insane !
Stravinsky later wrote more restrained but interesting ballet scores about Apollo anf the muses, and Orpheus, among others.
Another great Russian composer, Sergei Prokofiev (1891-1953 ), made Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet into a wonderfully lyrical and melodious ballet, and excerpts from it are popular in concert.
Marice Ravel ( 1875- 1937 ), famous for his Bolero, wrote a gorgeously sensuous ballet called "Daphis and Chloe", based on Greek mythology. The shepards Dapnis and Chloe are in love in a bucolic mythical Greece. Chloe is captured by pirates, and is rescued with the help of the great god Pan. The ballet ends with a dionysiac dance of celebration. The suite no 2 from the score, which is actually just bout the last 20 minutes of the ballet, is very popular in concert, and sometimes the complete ballet is performed in concert, too.
To look for CDs of these and other ballet scores, check out arkivmusic.com; classicstoday.com , which is linked to it, has a list of recommended recordings.
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This title is not meant as a putdown. French composer Olivier Messiaen (1908- 1992 ), was one of the great composers of the 20th century , and a one of a kind musician. He would have turned 100 this year, and his strange and fascinating music is being celebrated throughout the world of the classical music.
Messiaen (pronounced roughly messy-ann), was not only a composer but a devout Catholic, eminent organist, important teacher, and religious mystic, but something of an amateur ornatholigist. He was fascinated by birds and their song, and called them the earliest and greatest of musicians. He incorporated their music into a number of his works, but not all.
Despite his devout Catholic faith, he was fascinated by Hindu and Asian music and philosophy, and incorporated elements of the music of India into his music. It's an admittedly odd and eclectic mixture of influences, but Messiaen forged all of these elements into a unique musical language. His works are a riot of color ; in fact, he had the curious thing known as Synaesthesia, a mixing of the senses such as sound and sight. He literally SAW sound as color. Some people with this odd ability literally hear different keys such as G major or D major etc, as representing different colors, such as red or green.
Among his best-known works are the massive,multmovement "Turangalila" symphony, based on Hindu modes and mysticism, featuring a prominent part for the Ondes Martenot, an electronic instrument with a weird wailing sound, The Catalogue of the Birds (I'm using English translations of French titles), a two hour piano work representing about 24 European birds, the Quartet for the End of Time, written for piano,clarinet, violin and cello while he was a prisoner of war during the second world war, Exotic Birds, for orchestra and piano, From the Canyons to the Stars, based on his visit to Bryce Canyon in Utah, 20 Views of our Lord Jesus for piano, many organ works, and finally his only opera, the massive, unweildy but brilliant four hour "Saint Francis Of Assisi", which chronicles the life of the legendary Italian saint . It's almost more of an oratorio than an opera, and is so complex and difficult to perform, and uses such massive forces that it will never be performed often. But it has been done a number of times since its 1983 premiere at the Paris opera, and there are about three recordings.
There are many recordings of his music, including performances of his orchestral music by such famous conductors as Seiji Ozawa, Myung Whun Chung and Kent Nagano, performances of his piano music by prominent pianists such as Peter Serkin ,Pierre Laurent Aimard, and even his second wife, who was an authoritative performer of his music.
Messiaen's music is so colorful and inventive that even those who dislike complex 20th century music may find it appealing.
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This might be a rather esoteric thing for some people, or a dry as dust non-issue to some, but passages that are marked to be repeated are an important and interesting topic in classical music.
In symphonies of the 18th and 19th centuries, but rarely in the 20th, the opening part of the first movement, and sometimes the last is marked to be repeated, and sometimes this applies to the last movement, though not as often as the first. This is also true of many sonatas for piano, and piano and other instruments. It's up to the conductor or the instrumentalists to include these repeats or not; sometimes they do, and sometimes they don't.
This is what is known as the exposition repeat. The tradition was to write first and some but not all outer movements in what is called"sonata form". A trypical first movement will set out with a principal theme, with a secondary theme in a related key. This is the exposition; this is usually marked to be repeated, thought not all symphonies do this. The next part is called the development section, where the music modulates to different keys, and the melodies undergo transformation. Then comes the recapitulation, where the main theme returns in the origianl key, but the music is not an exact repetition of the opening.
When you hear a symphony for the first time, and the exposition is repeated, it helps familiarize you with the music and to keep the thread of the composer's argument in your head. Some say that once you know the symphony, the repeat is no longer necessary; others disagree and think that to omit the repeat is to distort the structure of the music.
In some cases, it depends on the length of the movement; it's more convenient in relkatively short symphonies by Mozart and Haydn, in longer ones, the repeat may be too much of a good thing.
If you listen to classic recordings of the Beethoven symphonies by legendary maestros such as Brunow Walter, Wilhelm Furtwangler, Toscanini, Felix Weingartner and others who were born late in the 19th century, the repeats are generally ignored; these conductors did not think they were usually necessary. But in more recent recordings by conductors who lead orchestras playing on period instruments, such as Nikolaus Harnoncourt, John Eliot Gardiner, Christopher Hogwood, Roger Norrington and others, repeats are considered de rigeur. Others like Bernstein, Solti,Abbado, Muti, and Barenboim are also more generous with repeats than conductors of the past.
Not every one agrees as to what is proper; some listeners may actually prefer to buy recordings with the repeats, and others don't care much. Many record reviews indicate whether a particular recording observes them or not; some critics are sticklers for repeats, others don't want them on the whole.
Personally, I prefer them to be observed on the whole, but this often depends on the individual work. Antonin Dvorak (1841- 1904 ), put repeats in six of his nine symphonies, but is known to have been against there use, and never did so when he conducted them himself.
In the late 19th century and the 20th, repeats became much less common; Mahler put them in his first and sixth symphonies, and as far as I know, the last well-known symphony with a first movement repeat is the 9th symphony of Shostakovich. This is a relatively short one which is written in a rather neo Mozartean style.
You can compare recordings with or without repeats and make up your own mind.
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If you love classical music, chances are that you will read a lot of reviews of live performances and recordings ,not only at your local newspaper if there is a classical music critic, but at magazines, too. And now, with the internet, we can read all manner of reviews at classical music websites and blogs, from all over the map.
You can read a variety of reviews of new works just after their world or local premieres on the internet. When the Met does a new or recent opera, or the New York Philharmonic premieres an orchestral work, music lovers are always curious to hear the critic's reaction. But the tradition of classical music criticism goes back quite a long time, when such famous composers as Hector Berlioz , Robert Schumann in this century, Virgil Thomson were active as critics.
Controversy over classical works when they were new has been around for centuries. Some critics found Beethoven's new music utterly baffling when it was new. They found the harmonies harsh and grating, the musical argument difficult to follow, and the structural complexity too hard to take. Yet we take Beethoven's music for granted today; it's part of our culture.
Wagner stirred up an enormous amount of controversy in his day, and even in the years after his death in 1883. The length and complexity of his operas, his revolutionary harmonies, and his disregard for operatic conventions made him so controversial that in some public meeting places there were signs saying "No disccussion of Politics, Religion or Wagner Allowed"! Themost famous and powerful music critic of the 19th century was one Eduard Hanslick (1825- 1904 ), for many years music critic of Vienna's New Free Press. He was Wagner's most famous antagonist, and his writings are still available. He was a musical conservative who believed in aesthetic"Traditional Values". He gave Wagner a hard time in his reviews, although he never denied Wagner's gifts and his importance as a composer. He was also of Jewish origin, and Wagner, that notorious anti-semite, was rather nasty to him, portraying Hanslick's conservatism and pedantry in the character Beckmesser in the great opera Die Meistersinger,where Beckmesser is so hostile to the musical efforts of the tenor hero, Walther von Stoltzing.
Hanslick was a friend and admirer of Johannes Brahms, a more traditional composer who never wrote an opera, and was always favorable to his music in reviews. The great symphonist and organist Anton Bruckner (1824-1896 ), was a fervent admirer of Wagner, but in no way a mere imitator. Hanslicks also savaged his monumental symphonies. Hanslick was also angered by the last movement of Tchaikovsky's beloved violin concerto when it was new. It's played everywhere today, and virtually all the great violinists have played and recorded it. But Hanslick thought that it was music that"Stinks in your ears"!
Great composers of the 20th century have gotten many terrible reviews, too. Stravinsky, Bartok, Schoenberg, Berg, Hindemith, Carter, Prokofiev, and many others. So many were outraged when Schoenberg abandoned all sense of music being in any key in the 1920s, and invented the so-called 12 tone system in which all 12 notes of the scale are equal, and arranged into rows which are manipulated in a very complex way. Where was the melody? What kind of weird harmonies are those, people asked.
More recently, composers such as Philip Glass have taken up what we call "Minimalism". There is endless repetition, and many listeners and critics are have been exasperated. Others find it absolutely hypnotic.
There is a fascinating book by the Russian born composer,pianist,conductor, writer, and entrepreneur Nicolas Slonimsky, who was born in 1894, and died nearly a century later. He knew and worked with many great composers, including Charles Ives, and also wrote a massive book called "Music since 1900", which chronicles and describes countless works written since 1900. It's a fascinating read. The book in question is the "Lexicon of Musical Invective", and lets one read scathing reviews of Wagner, Berlioz, Bruckner, Mahler, Stravinsky, Bartok and many other famous composers.
You can easily get it at amazon.com or other websites. It's essential reading for any one who loves classical music. Who kinows how posterity will view today's composers? Only time will tell.
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I subscribe to Opera News magazine, published monthly by the Metropolitan Opera Guild. No one who enjoys opera should miss it. Every issue is chock full of interesting articles, news, reviews of live performances around the world, CD and DVD reviews, interviews with today's leading singers, conductors, opera directors, and upcoming operatic talents. There are fascinating articles which give you the background behind all of the operas heard on the live Met bradio broadcasts, and other operas too, and every September issue shows the repertoire and schedules of opera companies in all 50 US states, Canada, and Europe etc. It's always fascinating to see what will be done everywhere.
I just received the September issue, and although I can't l list all of the hundreds of opera to be performed, I thought I might point out some really interesting operas that will be performed, especially new or recent ones. There's enormous diversity ; there are operas by Handel written almost 300 years ago, and there are world premieres by some of today's leading composers, as well as the old standbys by Verdi, Mozart, Puccini, Rossini, Bizet, Wagner and other famous composers. And there are revivals of long neglected but interesting operas, including Wagner's first opera Die Feen (The Fairies), a juvenile effort that is about as rare as Halley's comet.
Doctor Atomic, by John Adams, recently premiered in San Francisco, will have its New York premiere at the Met on October 13, and will be one of the operas broadcast in High Definition to movie theaters around the country. This is the story of J. Robert Oppenhemer and the creation of the atom bomb. It certainly sounds intriguing.
The Los Angeles opera will do the US premiere of believe it or not- The Fly, based on the David Cronenberg Sci Fi film about a scientist who accidentally transforms himself into a fly. The composer, Howard Shore, is best known for film scores, and this is his first opera. The conductor is none other than the great tenor Placido Domingo, who is an experienced opera conductor. Domingo led the recent world premiere in Paris. Be afraid, very afraid.
In Detroit, the Michigan Opera Theatre will perform Margaret Garner , by American composer Richard Danielpour, set to a libretto by none other than Toni Morrison. The opera was premiered by this company a while ago, and was recently performed by the New York City Opera successfully. It is based on the true story of a slave woman in the south who killed her own children rather than let them live in slavery, and was tried for the crime.
Opera Boston will perform the weird but brilliant Shostakovich opera The Nose, based on a story by 19th century Ukrainian writer Nikolai Gogol. This loony surrealistic opera is the story of a Russian civil servant whose nose disappears from his face and takes on a life of its own and causes mayhem in old Saint Petersburg. The nose is actually a role in the opera ! I kid you not !
The Paris opera will do the other opera by Dimitri Shostakovich (1906- 1975 ), Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District. This is the sordid but powerful story of a bored , frustrated wife of a merchant in provincial 19th century Russia , who takes on a sleezy lover with whom she murders her tyrannical father-in-law and her ineffectual husband. The guilty couple is sent to Siberia, where the lover abandons her for another woman. In desperation, she throws herself and the other woman into a lake. Pretty grim stuff. Joseph Stalin hated the opera when he saw it at the Bolshoi opera in the 30s, and Stalin got into serious trouble.
You can also see the magazine's website, operanews.com . Some of these and many other operas on the September preview will no doubt appear on DVD.
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